UMGAQO-NKQUBO WOKUGQIBELA NOKUQHUTYWA KWEENKCUKACHA ZOKUGQIBELA

Ngokuphuhliswa kwesayensi kunye netekhnoloji kunye noqoqosho lwehlabathi, abantu banamhlanje bangenise uluntu lolwazi lolwazi kunye noluntu lolwazi. Kwaye ngokuphuhliswa 'kwe-China ", ukuvelisa okuqhubekayo kukwindawo enyukeyo kwilizwe lasekhaya laseTshayina, kwaye ukukhula kwalo kukhawulezile ngokukhawuleza. Ukuvelisa kuka-China i-China iqalile ukudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-resna yoqoqosho lwamanye amazwe, kwaye iziphumo zeglasi yeglasi kunye neenxalenye zamehlo e-China ziphantse zabandakanyiwe kuqala. Ifilimu ye-optical ifilimu enye okanye ezingaphezulu zefilimu ezifakwe kumphezulu weenxalenye zamehlo ngokutshintsha iimpawu zomphezulu zamacandelo obomi. Inokuba yifilimu yesinyithi, ifilimu yedilikhi okanye indibaniselwano yezi ntlobo zimbini zeefilimu. Ifilimu ye-optical off yinxalenye engenakuphindeka yazo zonke iintlobo zetekhnoloji yeefoto eziphambili. Ayinakuphucula ukwenziwa kwenkqubo, kodwa kukwayindlela eyimfuneko yokufezekisa injongo yoyilo, ifilimu yesicelo yefilimu yefilimu, ifilimu ye-polarication, i-special, i-special, kwaye yafumana ingqalelo yoKhuseleko kwiSayensi nabasebenzi bezobuchwephesha.
Okwangoku, zingaphezulu kweentlobo ezingama-60 zeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezixhobo zokuhamba kweenyawo, kwaye iintlobo zazo nemisebenzi yesicelo zisakhula rhoqo. Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iphuhliswe kwinkqubo yefilim yentsimbi, xa ubukhulu begolide, isilivere, u-Aluminium yi-7 ~ kwi-20 ~, ukuguqula ukukhanya kwe-50%, ngelixa ukukhanya kwe-infrared kungaphantsi kwe-10%. Olu hlobo lwefilimu elinqamlezileyo lusetyenziswe ngempumelelo kwiphaneli ye-Apollo Spacecraft ukuba idlulisele inxalenye yokukhanya okubonakalayo, kwaye phantse konke ukukhanya kubonakaliswa ngolawulo lwe-inrrance. Inqaku elilandelayo lazisa umgaqo-siseko kunye nokuhlelwa kweefilimu ezinqabileyo.
I. Inkcazo yefilimu yokukhanya
Ifilimu ye-Optical luphawu lwezinto eziphakathi ze-optiical eziqulunqwe nge-winetium encinci kwaye ikhupha umdibaniso wokukhanya. Ukusetyenziswa kwefilimu ye-optical kwaqala ngo-1930s S. Ifilimu ye-Optical SIRLS isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwicandelo le-Optics kunye neTekhnoloji yeThekhi, uMveli izixhobo ezahlukeneyo. Umtya wokulungiselela kufuna iinxalenye eziphakamileyo nezilungileyo.
Inkcazo yefilimu ye-Optical ngu: Amanqatha athambileyo kunye ne-Diectric Fainer eqhotyoshelwe kwiFowuni yeFillication) xa ugqitha kwi-Eiction Fibles enjengesona okanye ukuqaqanjelwa okanye ukwahlulwa okukhanyayo.
Ifilimu yokukhanya kuyo yonke indawo ebomini bethu, kubandakanywa nezixhobo zamehlo, bonisa izixhobo zokusetyenziswa kwefilimu yokukhanya kubomi bemihla ngemihla; Umzekelo, iiglasi, iikhamera zedijithali, zonke iintlobo zombane zasekhaya ezinxitywe ngamaxesha aqhelekileyo, okanye itekhnoloji yokulwa i-anti-in oxtiment kwi-Banknotes ingabizwa ngokuba kukwenziwa kwetekhnoloji yefilimu yefilimu yefilimu. Ngaphandle kwetekhnoloji yefilimu enamafutha, njengesiseko sophuhliso, ifoto yale mihla, itekhnoloji ye-laser ayiyi kwenza inkqubela phambili, ekwabonisa ukubaluleka kophando lobuchwephesha beifilimu.
Ifilimu ye-optical ibhekisela kwi-comboance okanye i-fictors enye okanye engaphezulu yefilimu yefilimu okanye ifilimu yesinyithi okanye ukudityaniswa kwezi ntlobo zimbini zefilimu, kubandakanya ukuhambisa, ukucingisisa, ukutshintshwa kwenqanaba lokukhanya. Ke ngoko, ngoyilo olufanelekileyo, ubungqingqwa kunye nokuboniswa komphezulu wezinto kwiibhendi ezahlukeneyo zamaza kunokuhlengahlengiswa, kwaye ukukhanya kwiinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo kunokuba neempawu ezahlukeneyo.
Ngokubanzi, iindlela zemveliso zeefilimu ezinqatyisiweyo zihlulwe ikakhulu ziyinkqubo eyomileyo kunye nenkqubo emanzi. Uhlobo olubizwa ngokuba luhlobo olomileyo luthetha ukuba akukho lulo luvela kuyo yonke inkqubo yokulungisa. Umzekelo, ukuphuma kwe-vacuum kukufota kwezinto eziqinileyo ezinamandla ombane kwindawo engqongileyo, emva kokukhanya kwegesi, iqhotyoshelwe kumphezulu wesiseko esiqinileyo sokugqibezela inkqubo yokukhupha. Igolide, isilivere okanye ifilimu ye-metric yokupakisha ukuze ihonjiswe kubomi bemihla ngemihla yimveliso eyenziwe ngokuhamba kowomileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuqwalasela imveliso yobuninzi, uluhlu lwesicelo lokudibana lowomileyo lincinci kunelo lokudlala okumanzi. Indlela ngokubanzi yokudlala emanzi kukudibanisa izinto ezahlukeneyo zibe ziingqengqelo zotywala, kwaye uzisebenzise kwizinto ezisisiseko ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokulungisa, emva koko yomile kwaye iqinile i-raideation ukwenza imveliso.
II. Umgaqo wokuphazamiseka kwefilimu
1. Isiphumlisi sokukhanya
Ngo-1860s, ugqirha waseMelika uMaxwell waphuhlisa ithiyori ye-electromagnetic, ebonisa ukuba ukukhanya luhlobo lwe-elektromagnetic wave, eyenza ukuba i-cenglule ikhule ibe kwinqanaba eligqibeleleyo.
Ngokwe-BI ye-BI ye-BoI yokukhanya, ukukhanya kuyafana namaza erediyo, i-X-rays ,? Imisebe ingamaza e-electromagnetic, kodwa iziphazamiso zabo zahlukile. Ulwalamano phakathi kweWevelength λ, Ratraquency U kunye nenqanaba lokusasazeka kwe-elektromagnetic jave ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
V = λ u
Ukusukela isantya sesantya se-electromagnetic samaza ahlukeneyo kwi-vacuum ilingana neJamani, i-wavelength yezaqhwithi ze-elektromagnetic ezinee-frequency ezahlukeneyo zahlukile. I-wavelength enomsindo ophezulu mfutshane, ngelixa i-wavelength enesantya esiphantsi inde. Ukuze kube lula ukuthelekisa, ngokwesabelo serediyo, i-ray ebonakalayo, ukukhanya okubonakalayo, i-ultraviolet ray, x-ray kwaye? I-wavelength (okanye i-frequency) yemitha, njl njl.
Kwi-Electromagnetic spectrum, amaza erediyo anezaphulelo elide, enokwahlulwa kwi-wave ende, ephakathi, amaza amafutshane, i-ultrashort wave, microwave njalo. Okwesibini i-infrared ray, i-ray ebonakalayo kunye ne-ultraviolet ray, ebizwa ngokuba yimitha ekhanyayo. Phakathi kwamaza onke e-elektromagnetic, ukukhanya kuphela okubonakalayo kunokubonwa ngamehlo omntu. I-wavelength yendlela ebonakalayo imalunga ne-0.76 microns ukuya kwi-0.44 microns, echaza kuphela inqaku elincinci le-elektromagnetic spectrum. Okwesibini yi-X-ray. I-elektromagnetic yamaza kunye ne-waveleth emfutshane y ray.
Kuba ukukhanya luhlobo lwamaza e-electromagnetic, kufuneka ibonise iimpawu zayo kwinkqubo yokuphazamiseka, ukuphazamiseka, ipolimari kunye nezinye izinto.
2. Ukuphazamiseka kwefilimu yefilimu
Ifilimu inokuba sisiseko esiqinileyo, ulwelo okanye ungqameko lwerhasi ejikelezwe ngamaqhekeza amabini eglasi. I-Beam yokuqala yokukhanya ibonakaliswa ngumhlaba ophezulu wefilimu, ukukhanya kubonakaliswa ngumhlaba ongezantsi wefilimu, kwaye umzi wesibini ubonakaliswa ngumphezulu. Imiqadi emibini ikwicala elinye lefilimu, eyahlulwe kwisimo sengqondo esifanayo sesehlo, kukukhanya okufanayo kwaye kukuphazamise ukuphazamiseka. Ukuba umthombo wokukhanya ngumthombo wokukhanya ongezelelweyo (umthombo wokukhanya ongaphezulu), ukuphazamiseka komgangatho), kujongwa kuphela kubungakanani obuthile bendawo emiselweyo ye-Bearing yenqanaba lemigangatho emibini, ngenxa yoko yeyokuphazanyiswa kwendawo. Kwisifilimi semigangatho yabo emibini ihambelana, i-fringe yophazamisa ibekwe kwi-infinity, ehlala ijongwa kwinqwelomoya egxininisiweyo yomfanekiso ngokusebenzisa iilensi; Iifilimu ezenziwe ngomtshato, indawo yokuthathwa kwe-fringe yokwakha ifilimu ikufuphi nefilimu.
Zombini iimvavanyo kunye neethiyori zibonakalisile ukuba kuphela xa ezimbini zeekhola zamaza ezinokukhanya zinolwalamano oluthile zinokwenziwa imivimbo yokuphazamiseka. Olu lwalamano lubizwa ngokuba ziimeko ezihambelanayo. Iimeko ezimileyo zefilimu emxinwa zibandakanya amanqaku amathathu: I-frequenchentenchentenchentency yamaza amabini ekhanyayo iyafana; Isikhokelo se-ticracicracicracicracicracicration samaza amabini anokukhanya. Umahluko wesigaba phakathi kwamaza amabini akhanyayo kuhlala kuhlala.
Umahluko we-Optical Mahluko uffitsula yokukhanya kwesigaba esiziisigaba somabini esine-film ecekeceke ngu:
δ =}}}}} λ / 2
Kwifomula, n yisalathiso senduli; t ubukhulu befilimu kwindawo yenqanaba lesehlo; ngumqambi wokugqibela kwifilimu; λ / 2 kungenxa yokuba imiqadi emibini yokukhanya ehambelanayo ikwindawo ezimbini ezinamabala ahlukeneyo (enye iphakathi kwiphakathi, enye i-Optical Opdium Medium Medium) Umgaqo wokuphazamiseka kwefilimu omdaka usetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuhlolweni komphezulu we-angle, ichanekile kwi-angle encinci okanye ulungiselelo lwefilimu ye-antirefleclecles kunye nefilitha yokuphazamiseka, njl.
Ukukhanya kuyandiswa lutshintsho lwemeko yentshukumo yeatom yokuqala okanye imolekyuli kumthombo wokukhanya. I-wave yokukhanya ekhutshelwe iatom nganye okanye imolekyuli kuphela, ixesha elimalunga ne-1 yeebhiliyoni zemizuzwana. Kwimithombo emibini yokukhanya esizimeleyo, akukho lula ukuhlangabezana neemeko ezintathu zokuphazamiseka, ezinje ngenqanaba elifanayo okanye umahluko wesigaba esikhethekileyo kwimarike ekhethekileyo, imithombo emibini yokukhanya ingenako ukwenza umthombo wokukhanya. Ngapha koko, kwanokukhanya ekutshoneni kwamalungu ahlukeneyo omthombo wokukhanya okufanayo akuyi kuphazamisa ngokubanzi kuba bakhutshwa ziiathom ezahlukeneyo okanye iimolekyuli ezahlukeneyo.
I-3. Ukuhlelwa kwezinto zefilimu yokukhanya
Izixhobo eziphambili zefilimu ezinamatye anemifanekiso enqwenelekayo, ifilimu ye-antireflecleclec, ifilimu yokuphazamiseka, isihluzi sokuphazamiseka, esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kuqoqosho lwelizwe kunye ne-Special Kanye kwi-National Kight kunye nabasebenzi bezobuchwephesha boBugcisa. Umzekelo, ukusetyenziswa kwefilimu ye-antireflecleclection kunokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwe-fluen ye-fluen ye-fluex yeelensi ezixineneyo ngamaxesha alishumi; Ukusetyenziswa kwesipili sefilimu esiPhakamileyo soMlinganiso sinokuphinda-phinda amandla okuphumeza kweLaser; Sebenzisa ifilimu enamafutha anqabileyo inokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuzinza kwebhetri ye-silicon.
Imodeli yefilimu elula yefilimu ngumgangatho wefilimu yefilimu ene-diector yefilimu enomgangatho ogudileyo kunye ne-isotropic. Kule meko, iipropathi ezibonakalayo zeefilimu ezinqabileyo zinokufundwa yithiyori yokuphazamiseka. Xa i-wave yenqwelomoya yokukhanya kwe-monolomatic sisimo sefilimu ye-Optical, iya kubonakala kwaye ihlaziywe izihlandlo ezininzi kwimigangatho emibini. Imikhombandlela yokubonisa ukukhanya kwaye ibonakale isibane sinikezwe ngumthetho wokucingisisa kunye nokuvuselelwa, i-Alpraction Shoilsho ebonakalisiweyo igqitywe kwifomula ye-Fssnel.
Iifilimu ze-Optical zinokwahlulwa: ifilimu yokubonisa, ifilimu ye-antirefleclection, ifilimu yefilimu, ifilimu, ifilimu, ifilimu, ifilimu ehambelana nefilimu, ifilimu, njl.
Iimpawu zefilimu ye-Optical zi: Umphezulu ugudile, kwaye ujongano phakathi kwefilimu yefilimu ibonisa i-jomemetric subisotion; Isalathiso sokwenza umboniso wefilimu sinokutsiba kwi-interface, kodwa iyaqhubeka kwifilimu; Kungaphakathi, kunokuba yindawo yokufunxa; Inokuba yinto eqhelekileyo iyunifomu okanye engalinganiyo. Ifilimu esetyenzisiweyo inzima ngakumbi kunefilimu efanelekileyo. Kungenxa yokuba: Ngexesha lokulungiselela, iipropathi zefilimu nezemvelaphi zefilimu ziphambuka kwimiba emininzi, kwaye umphezulu kunye nojongano zimbi, okukhokelela ekubonakalisweni komzimba wokukhanya; Ukungena phakathi komlinganiso phakathi kwabalinganiswa befilimu kupika unxibelelwano lwangokungxamisekileyo; Ngenxa yokukhula, isakhiwo, uxinzelelo kunye nezinye izizathu zomaleko wefilimu, zonke iintlobo ze-heterogeneity yefilimu zisenziwa; I-fildiemer yamafilimu ineziphumo ezinzima.
Ifilimu yokubonisa inokuthi yahlulwe ngokubanzi ibe ziindidi ezimbini, enye yifilimu yokubonakalisa inyibilikisi kwaye enye yifilimu yoNcedo lweDiecturity. Ukongeza, kukho ifilimu ye-dielelectric yentsimbi edibanisa ezi zinto zimbini, zawo kukwandisa ukuvezwa komphezulu weqonga.
Ngokubanzi, izinyithi zinokupheliswa kakhulu. Xa ukukhanya kwengqondo sisiganeko esisemoyeni, i-istltity yokukhanya okungena ngokukhawuleza, oko kwenza ukuba amandla okukhanya angene ngokulandelelana, ngelixa amandla abonakalisiweyo enyuka. Ukuphefumla okuphezulu kwe-Interdinces, okukhawulezileyo ukubola okukhanyayo. Amandla amancinci okukhanya angena kwinsimbi, ukuphakama kuninzi. Abantu bahlala bekhetha izinyibilikisi ezinokupheliswa okukhulu kunye nokuzinza ezizinzileyo kunye nezixhobo zensimbi njengezixhobo zefilimu. Isixhobo esincinci esincinci esisetyenziswa rhoqo kwingingqi ye-ultraviolet yi-Aluminiyam, i-aluminium nesilivere isetyenziswa kwindawo ebonakalayo, negolide, isilivere kunye nobhedu besetyenziswa kwindawo ye-infrared. Ukongeza, iChromium neplatinam zihlala zisetyenziswa njengezixhobo ze-membrane kwezinye iifilimu ezikhethekileyo. Kungenxa yokuba i-Aluminium, isilivere, ubhedu kunye nezinye izinto kulula ukuba zilahle emoyeni kwaye zinciphise intsebenzo, kufuneka zikhuselwe yi-membrane yombane. Izinto eziqhelekileyo zokukhusela ezixhaphakileyo zibandakanya i-Silicon oxide, i-magnesium fluoride, i-silicon diokside, ialuminium oxide, njl.
Inzuzo yefilimu yentsimbi kukuba inkqubo yokulungiselela ilula kwaye i-wavelength ye-wavelength ibanzi; Ingxaki yokuba ilahleko yokukhanya inkulu kwaye ukubonakalisa akunakuba phezulu kakhulu. Ukwenzela ukuqhubela phambili ukugxininiswa kwefilimu yokubonakalisa inyibiliki, iminwe ye-diectric ye-diectric kunye nobunzima obuthile bunokubekwa ngaphandle kwefilimu yokwenza ifilimu yentsimbi. Kufuneka ichaze ukuba ifilimu yentsimbi yentsimbi inyusa ukuveliswa kwezaphulelo (okanye ingingqi ethile), kodwa itshabalalisa uphawu lokungathathi cala kwifilimu yesinyithi.